There was simply no way that the Koreans would allow Japanese troops to use their country as a staging ground for an assault on China. The other five men also attacked and took some excellent heads". 5–7, Howe, Christopher. When King Seonjo heard that his army was destroyed, and the hero of the Jurchen Wars, General Shin Rip, was dead, he packed up his court and fled north. [177] The main Japanese body counterattacked against the isolated Korean troops, and acquired their boats. [263], Japanese defenders were forced off the walls fairly quickly, and retreated to the citadel they built on the eastern portions of the city. Strategically, however, the Japanese attained their objective by allowing Konishi Yukinaga, who was earlier blockaded by the Ming and Korean forces, to leave his fortress on December 16 with his men and withdraw unopposed by sailing through the southern end of Namhae Island, bypassing both the Noryang Strait and the battle. Not trusting his green recruits to stay on the field, Korean general Shin Rip staged his forces in a swampy y-shaped area between the Han and Talcheon Rivers. [171] However, another commander appointed by the Joseon government, Shin Rip, had arrived in the area with a cavalry division and moved 100,000 combined troops [172] to the Chungju fortress located above the Choryong pass. [302] All of the noses of Koreans killed by the samurai are buried near the shrine to the Great Buddha put up by Hideyoshi in Kyoto, which as Turnbull noted "...they remain to this day inside Kyoto's least mentioned and most often avoided tourist attraction, the grassy burial mound that bears the erroneous name of the Mimizuka, the 'Mound of Ears'.". Xing Jie decided to remove his emotionally weakened brother Li Rumei in favor of Dong Yi Yuan. [142] In order to bolster their fleet, the Japanese considered employing two Portuguese galleons in the invasion. [175] Konishi arrived at Hanseong first on June 10 while the Second Division was halted at the river with no boats with which to cross. Ming and Joseon forces continued to harass the Japanese forces, who then withdrew further south to Ulsan, [313] a harbor that had been an important Japanese trading post a century before, and which Katō had chosen as a strategic stronghold. [177] The Japanese sent a message to the Koreans on the other bank requesting them to open way to China, but the Koreans rejected this. [167] Meanwhile, Konishi Yukinaga's First Division passed the Yangsan mountain fortress (captured on the night of the Battle of Dongnae, when its defenders fled after the Japanese scouting parties fired their arquebuses), and captured the Miryang castle on the afternoon of May 26. Korea, in contrast, lost zero ships and 11 sailors. The Korean navy used this naval superiority to disrupt the Japanese logistical network off the west coast of the Korean Peninsula. As for the commanders, they seldom leave their positions because they fear that they might be executed for deserting. The Siege of Suncheon was an unsuccessful Korean and Chinese Allied Forces attempt to capture Suncheon Japanese Castle late in the Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–1598). [111], On the other side, Joseon maintained only a few military units with no field army, and its defense depended heavily on the mobilization of the citizen soldiers in case of emergency. Japan planned to seize the entire southern coast of Korea, then march for Seoul once more. [279] As the time went on the situation only become more serious. [98] The naval commander was Wakizaka Yashuaru, another of the "Seven Spears of Shizugatake", who had been named daimyō of the island of Awaji in the Inland Sea in 1585, where he learned much about seafaring as the island is located close to whirlpools which are notoriously dangerous for sailors. Surrounded, the Japanese fleet was destroyed. Secondly, Shen Weijing made another appearance to conduct negotiations, and threatened the Japanese with an attack by 400,000 Chinese. [254] On 5 January 1593, Wu Weizhong led an advance force of 3,000 men across the Yalu river into Korea, followed by two battalions of 2,000 men each later the same day. Chinese officers initially scoffed at the earth walls of the Japanese citadel, but after coming under fire from the Japanese arquebuses, soon learned to respect the defense. In Korea, the war is a historic foundation of Korean nationalism and, as in China, inspired and was used politically to instigate nationalistic resistance against Japanese imperialism during the 20th century. A naval engagement took place on 1 September 1592 during the first phase of the Japanese invasions of Korea. Consequently, it was the combination of these Ming-led land campaigns and Joseon-led naval warfare that eventually forced the Japanese army to withdraw from Pyongyang to the south, where the Japanese continued to occupy Hanseong and the southern regions with the exception of the southwestern Jeolla Province. [328] According to Chinese and Korean sources concerning the battle, the forces led by Dong Yi Yuan had breached the castle wall and were making progress in capturing the castle until a gunpowder accident caused an explosion in their camp, and the Japanese took advantage of the situation to rout the confused and weakened troops. [51], In 1402, the Japanese shogun Ashikaga Yoshimitsu (despite not being the Emperor of Japan) was conferred the title of "King of Japan" by the Chinese emperor and through this title had similarly accepted a position in the imperial tributary system as of 1404. [120] The first invasion consisted of nine divisions totaling 158,800 men, of which the last two of 21,500 were stationed as reserves on Tsushima Island and Iki Island, respectively. [202], At the Battle of Tanpo'o, fought by Miruk island, 21 Japanese ships commanded by Kurushima Michiyuki were in the process of sacking a Korean sea-side village, when the Korean fleet appeared to offer a challenge. [137] Some irregular Korean units with government-supplied weapons fired explosive shells from mortars, but this occurred only in isolated instances. Huang, Ray, "The Lung-ch'ing and Wan-li Reigns, 1567–1620." ", Turnbull, Stephen. Initially the Japanese found limited success, being largely confined to Gyeongsang Province and only launching numerous raids to harass and weaken the Korean defenders. In 1597, Japan renewed its offensive by invading Korea a second time. Because of advanced artillery and shipbuilding technology, along with an extensive naval history against Japanese pirates, the Korean navies fielded highly advanced and formidable ships. Li wanted a winter campaign as the frozen ground would allow his artillery train to move more easily than it would under the roads turned into mud by the fall rains. [241] The Japanese had usually had little trouble with taking Korean castles and towns, and a certain contempt for the fighting abilities of the Koreans was common among the samurai, so it was a great surprise for the Japanese when they assaulted Jinju to be hit with a barrage of fire as Kim's men dropped heavy stones and bombs while firing their arquebuses, stopping their assault cold. (1597–98) 141,900 [14] 1,000 ships (some armed with cannons) [15], Joseon: 1,000,000+ civilian and military deaths [4] (including 260,000+ troops killed or wounded) 20,000–100,000 captives [16] 157 ships [17], Toyotomi regime: 100,000+ [4] unknown captives [16]. A victory would prove the might of reunified Japan, and bring her immense glory. The effort of the Japanese garrison (about 7,000 men) of Ulsan was largely dedicated to its fortification in preparation for the expected attack. [265] Song Ying Chang's letters on March 1, 1593, described the battle in full to the Ming court. As Tsushima had suffered greatly from its loss of trade with Korea as a result of the invasions, Yoshitoshi of the Sō family, then dominant in Tsushima, undertook the lead in the peace negotiations by Japan. This advantage, however, did not affect Japan's ability to continuously reinforce its armies through the supply route from Tsushima in Japan to Busan in Korea, especially once Korean naval bases in the immediate area were neutralized by Japanese ground forces. Dr. Kallie Szczepanski is a history teacher specializing in Asian history and culture. [165], The two divisions began the race to capture Hanseong on June 8, and Katō took the shorter route across the Han River while Konishi went further upstream where smaller waters posed a lesser barrier. [330] A total of 50,000 Ming and Joseon troops tried to capture it, but their attempts were repulsed and they retreated with heavy losses. [197] In his report to King Sonjo about his victory, Admiral Yi found the samurai helmets of the Japanese to be rather strange, writing: The red-black Japanese armour, iron helmets, horse manes, gold crowns, gold fleece, gold armour, feather dress, feather brooms, shell trumpets and many other curious things, in strange shapes with rich ornaments strike onlookers with awe, like weird ghosts or strange beasts. [323] Kato Kiyomasa remained in command of the defenses of Ulsan while Konishi himself commanded the defenses at Suncheon. Yi has since been celebrated as a national hero in Korea. [276] However, the Japanese victory "did nothing to change the overall strategy, and the retreat from Seoul was delayed only by a few days". [94] Samurai never carried shields, with the katana being used to deflect blows. [339] In response to the Joseon request, Yoshitoshi promptly released several Joseon prisoners and between 1603 and 1604 helped the Joseon envoys to repatriate a further 3,000 by organizing negotiations at Kyoto with Tokugawa Ieyasu, by then the Shogun of Japan. Eventually the Japanese forces scaled the walls and sacked the fortress. [204] Yi formed his ships in a circle while a turtle ship rammed the Japanese flagship, resulting in a melee battle. [282] On 23 July, the Japanese attacked with wooden siege towers, which were knocked down by Korean cannon fire. [270], The Japanese invasion into Jeolla province was broken down and pushed back by General Kwon Yul at the hills of Ichiryeong, where outnumbered Koreans fought Japanese troops in the Battle of Byeokjegwan and gained a victory. The Battle of Pyongyang (1592) was a military engagement during the Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–1598). Joseon Korea had come under the Japanese sphere of influence in the Japan–Korea Treaty of 1876, and a complex coalition of the Meiji government, military, and business officials began a process of Korea's political and economic integration into Japan. It was a senseless war, but it did give Korea a great national hero and a new naval technology - the famous turtle ship. Japanese soldiers also relied on their advantage in ranged combat. The Ceramic Wars: Hideyoshi's Japan Kidnaps Korean Artisans, The Role of the Joseon Dynasty in Korean History, Biography of Toyotomi Hideyoshi, 16th Century Unifier of Japan, Little-Known Asian Battles That Changed History, Photos and History of Korea's Imperial Family, The Pusan Perimeter and Invasion of Incheon, Korea in the Imperial Era and Japanese Occupation, Why the Peninsula Is Split Into North Korea and South Korea, J.D., University of Washington School of Law, B.A., History, Western Washington University. The Korean king refused. He noted how the Japanese moved their units in complex maneuvers, often weakening their enemy with the use of arquebuses, then attacking with melee weapons. [286] One Korean, General Sŏ Yewon, engaged in a lengthy single combat with a samurai named Okamoto Gonjo, which ended when the wounded General Sŏ lost his breath and fell down by a tree, and Okamoto took the chance to sever his head with a single blow from his katana. [186] A Korean cavalry division took advantage of the open field at Songjin, and pushed the Japanese forces into a grain storehouse. A New History of Korea. Samurai Invasions of Korea 1592–1598, p. 87 "Out of 500 Japanese ships only 50 survived to limp home. It took place in the early morning of 16 December (19 November in Lunar calendar), 1598 and ended past dawn. [305] On October 26, 1597, in the Myeongnyang Strait, Yi Sun-sin encountered a large Japanese fleet of approximately 133 warships, with a further 200 logistical ships in support. The occupation of Busan by the Japanese forces was kept until November 1597, when the retreat of the Japanese forces was finished due to the death of Hideyoshi. [200] Yi Sun-sin had left behind his fishing vessels that made up most of his fleet in favor of his newly-completed turtle ship. [288], There were two factors that triggered the Japanese to withdraw: first, a Chinese commando penetrated Hanseong (present-day Seoul) and burned storehouses at Yongsan, destroying most of what was left of the Japanese troops' depleted stock of food. [123], Since its introduction by the Portuguese traders on the island of Tanegashima in 1543, [124] the arquebus had become widely used in Japan. Japan and China chose to hold peace talks without inviting any Koreans to the table. The Ming forces gradually retreated north while fighting off several waves of attacks. [201] The ship was the fastest and most maneuverable warship in the East Asian theater, powered by two sails and 80 oarsmen taking turns on the ship's 16 oars. He made preparations on many fronts. Kwon Yul quickly advanced northwards, re-taking Suwon and then swung north toward Haengju where he would wait for Chinese reinforcements. [108] Many history textbooks treat the war with only a few lines of mention, and with the exception of Samurai Invasion: Japan's Korean War 1592–98 by Turnbull, no complete academic studies on the subject exists in English, [371] although both Murdoch and Sansom covered the topic in some detail in their general historical surveys of Japan, A History of Japan (1903) and A History of Japan (1958), respectively. On 23 August 1592, the Chinese attacked under the cover of a heavy rainstorm, taking the Japanese by surprise. [101], Another Chinese naval commander was Chen Lin, a native of Guangdong who proved pivotal in defeating Japan and defending Korea. Vol. [238] After the victory, the Korean leaders began to quarrel among themselves over who was most responsible, and it was that when the Koreans took the offensive, the regulars under Yun Songak refused to take part while the Righteous Army under Cho and the warrior monks under abbot Yŏnggyu marched separately. Hideyoshi's death was kept a secret by the Council to preserve the morale of the army. [212] When the news of the defeat at the Battle of Hansando reached Toyotomi Hideyoshi, he ordered that the Japanese invasion forces cease all further naval operations. While specialized firearms were used on horseback, most cavalrymen preferred the conventional yari (spear), [139] but its use was limited by the increasing use of firearms by the Koreans and Chinese. [232] In the end, to advance into Jeolla Province, Ankokuji's men had to try going north around the insecure grounds and within the security of the Japanese-garrisoned fortresses. [61]. However, he seemed to have a bigger appetite than he let on, because even before completing the numerous military campaigns to unify his own country he … [317] Late one night, Ma Gui decided to order a general organized retreat of the allied forces, but soon confusion set in, and matters were further complicated by heavy rainfall and harassing attacks by the Japanese. Armed with muskets, against Koreans with bows and swords, the Japanese troops quickly swept toward Seoul. [207], The combined Korean navy of 53 ships [209] under the commands of Yi Sun-sin and Yi Ok-gi was carrying out a search-and-destroy operation because the Japanese troops on land were advancing into the Jeolla Province. After the disaster at Chilcheollyang, the allied defenses in the south began to quickly break down and the Japanese forces stormed into Jeolla Province. The Second Division continued east, capturing the fortresses of Jongseong, Onsong County, Kyongwon County, and Kyonghung County, and finally arrived at Sosupo on the estuary of the Tumen River. Turnbull wrote that Korea's salvation was its navy. Give strict orders that all men, even the samurai, carry guns. [165] In the meantime, desperate Korean envoys had been sent to the Forbidden City in Beijing to ask the Wanli Emperor to protect his loyal vassals in Korea by sending an army to drive out the Japanese. [160] Thus there was no Korean naval activity around the Gyeongsang Province, and the surviving two, out of the four total fleets, were active only on the other (west) side of the peninsula. [94] By 1592, the armor of the samurai was lamellae made from iron or leather scales tied together which had been modified to include solid plate to help protect the samurai from bullets. At that time, I remained motionless with fear in the bottom of the boat for longs hours, so I did not know what was happening in the outside world. [199] Therefore, Yi Sun-sin ordered the fleet to feign withdrawal, which the Japanese commander, Wakisaka Yasuharu, observed from his tent on a rock. The Ming Chinese themselves were causing havoc, and their presence continued to strain Joseon's national economy and infrastructure. [183] [184] In the city, they managed to capture 100,000 tons of military supplies and grain. [211] According to the Wakizaka ki:"A man called Manabe Samanosuke was a ship's captain that day, and the ship he was on was set on fire. [155], On May 23, 1592, the First Division of the Japanese invasion army, consisting of 7,000 men led by Konishi Yukinaga, [158] left Tsushima in the morning, and arrived outside the port city of Busan in the evening. Korea was ravaged by the invasion, and many cultural sites and artworks were either destroyed or spirited away to Japan. [286] The chronicler of the Kato family noted: "All the Chinese were terrified of our Japanese blades, and jumped into the river, but we pulled them and cut off their heads". Two Japanese armies, under Mōri Hidemoto and Ukita Hideie, began the assault in Busan and marched towards Jeonju, taking Sacheon and Changpyong along the way. For invasions of Korea during the Korean War, see, "The Jeolla Navy camp had two headquarters: Jeolla Left Navy and Jeolla Right Navy. Yi Sun-sin's control of the areas around the coast of Jeolla permitted no supply ships to reach the western side of the Korean Peninsula, into which many extensive tributaries merge. [199] At Sacheon, the Japanese ships were anchored in the bay below a promontory where the Japanese had set up a command base. [176] Meanwhile, the Fifth, Sixth, Seventh, and Eighth Divisions had landed on Busan, with the Ninth Division kept in reserve on the island of Iki. Initially, the Japanese forces saw overwhelming success on land, capturing both Seoul and Pyongyang, and completing the occupation of most of the Korean Peninsula in three months. During the pursuit of the remaining Japanese ships, both Yi Sun-sin and Deng Zilong were killed. By May 18, 1594, all the Japanese soldiers had retreated to the area around Busan and many began to make their way back to Japan. [240] However, as the Geumsan salient had taken three successive Korean attacks in a row in a single month, the 6th Division under Kobayakawa was pulled back as Hideyoshi decided the salient was not worth the trouble to hold it, and to the suffering people of the region that was all that mattered. [314] The Ming army's first assault on January 29, 1598, caught the Japanese army unaware and still encamped, for the large part, outside Ulsan's unfinished walls. In the ongoing civil strife, the Japanese refined the drills and tactics to make best use of the new weapon, thus giving them a great advantage over the Korean armies. The Siege of Pyongyang was a military conflict fought between the allied Ming-Joseon army and the Japanese First Division under Konishi Yukinaga. [191] On the dawn of July 21, 1592, Yi Sun-sin and Yi Eok-gi set sail with 24 panokseons, 15 small warships, and 46 boats (i.e. [207] During the battle, the Korean navy made use of a metal-cased fire bomb that caused substantial damage to Japanese deck crews, and caused fierce fires on board their ships. 1 List 1.1 Joseon dynasty: 1392–1897 1.2 Korean Empire: 1897–1910 1.3 Occupied Korea: 1910–1945 1.4 South Korea: 1948–present 2 See also 3 References 4 External links Republic of Korea Armed Forces List of wars involving North Korea The Korean War: Korean … [80]. [169] General Yi headed to Myongyong near the beginning of the strategically important Choryong pass to gather troops, but he had to travel further south to meet the troops assembled at the city of Daegu. Meanwhile, the reinstated Admiral Yi Sun-shin led the Korean navy in its most astonishing victory yet at the Battle of Myongnyang in October of 1597. Hwangseoksan Fortress consisted of extensive walls that circumscribed the Hwangseok Mountains and garrisoned thousands of soldiers led by generals Jo Jong-do and Gwak Jun. [285], The Japanese now attacked with armored carts called "tortoise shell wagons", which allowed the Japanese to advance up to the walls, where the sappers would pull out the stones, but as a Japanese account complained: "They tried to attack, but from inside the caste pine torches were thrown that set the grass alight. [302]. [95] The Ming army was capable of considerable feats of organization, for example bringing 400 artillery guns across 480 km of harsh landscape to provide firepower against the Mongols. In contrast to the Japanese advantages on land, the Koreans possessed an advantage at sea. [203] Yi once again followed his usual tactic of coming forward to challenge, then making a feigned retreat with the Japanese in hot pursuit before ambushing them on the open sea. [187] After the tour, the Japanese continued their previous efforts to bureaucratize and administrate the province, and allowed several garrisons to be handled by the Koreans themselves. Overconfident with his recent success and possibly misled by false reports, [268] Li Rusong advanced towards the capital city of Hanseong (Seoul) with his allied army of 20,000 [269] on January 21, 1593. Japanese typography advanced with the adoption of Chinese fonts. It is said that Koreans are good archers, but they seldom hit the targets when the enemy is too far away, and are too scared to shoot when the enemy is near because they fear Japanese swords. [304] This battle greatly relieved the Joseon and Ming courts and was seen as the beginning of a turnaround in the land campaign. In the end, the Korean ambassadors asked for Hideyoshi to write a reply to the Korean king, for which they waited 20 days at the port of Sakai. [214] [215] [216] However, ultimately, the Korean fleet retreated, failing to take over Busan. [355] A total of over 185,000 Korean and over 29,000 Chinese troops were killed, and an estimated 50,000 to 60,000 captives were taken by the Japanese throughout the war. Second Sino-Japanese War (1937–45), conflict that broke out when China began a full-scale resistance to the expansion of Japanese influence in its territory. The war also indirectly weakened China's position in Manchuria, which gave the fledgling Manchu chieftain Nurhaci an opportunity to expand his influence and territory. Seonjo didn't stop until he reached Uiju, on the Yalu River, which is now the border between North Korea and China. It was a naval engagement that took place on 1 September 1592 during the first phase of the Japanese invasions of Korea. [168] The First Division secured the Cheongdo fortress in the next few days, and destroyed the city of Daegu. [339] As Ming troops continued to be present in Korea following the withdrawal of Japanese forces, the major incentive for Joseon for the normalization of relations with Japan was the withdrawal of the Chinese soldiers from their territory. By this time, some Japanese divisions were battling with the Jurchens in what is now Manchuria, northern China. [176] General Kim Myong-won, in charge of the defenses along the Han River, had retreated. Yi Sun-sin managed to destroy over 100 Japanese ships and retreated with minimal casualties. [165] The Chinese assured the Koreans that an army would be sent, but they were engaged in a major war in Ningxia, and the Koreans would have to wait for the arrival of their assistance. [100], According to Turnbull, "Chinese field artillery and siege cannon were the finest in the region". Korea was a strong and stable kingdom in the 16th century. [212] Not a single Korean ship was lost during the battle. [112] While Japan's chaotic state had left the Koreans with a very low estimate of Japan as a military threat, [112] there was a new sense of unity among the different political factions in Japan, as indicated by the "sword hunt" in 1588 (the confiscation of all weapons from the peasants). They fired their muskets though those holes as much as they could, and as a result, a number of Chinese soldiers were wounded". [198], A turtle ship is a vessel of a panokseon design with the removal of the elevated command post, the modification of the gunwales into curved walls, and the addition of a roof covered in iron spikes (and possibly hexagonal iron plates; this is disputed [193] [194] [195] ). Within a fortnight or a month the cities and fortresses were lost, and everything in the eight directions had crumbled. [171] Assuming that the sight of rising smoke was from the burning of buildings by a nearby Japanese force, General Yi sent an officer to scout on horseback; however, as he neared a bridge, the officer was ambushed by Japanese musket fire from below the bridge, and was beheaded. Yi Sun-sin quickly returned to Yeosu, where he found the majority of his navy destroyed. [368], In China, the war was used politically to inspire nationalistic resistance against Japanese imperialism during the 20th century. The warlord wanted an e… (1597–98) 75,000–98,000 soldiers (including naval reinforcements) [8] [9], Toyotomi regime:1st. The agency set up divisional units in each region of Korea and garrisoned battalions at castles. [165] Having crossed the Naktong River, Konishi learned that the Koreans were concentrating their troops at Sangju. [327] The Chinese Ming forces retreated with 30,000 losses, with the Japanese in pursuit. He noted how Korean castles had incomplete fortifications and walls that were too easy to scale. The battle ended in victory for the allies but a successful retreat from Pyeongyang by the remaining Japanese in the night of 8 February 1593. the Third Division, above), and cut left to Geumsan in Chungcheong, which Kobayakawa secured as his starting base for his invasion of the province. Outcome: Victory for Korea and China, led by Korean naval successes. [340]. [287] Jinju was taken only for symbolic purposes, and instead of advancing, the Japanese force at Jinju retreated back to Busan as there was a larger Chinese force to the north. [232] This strategy prevented Japanese forces from gaining easy access to Jeolla Province where Yi Sun-sin and his fleet were stationed. [65] Japan's right to pay tribute and, with it, the right to trade with China was ended in the 1540s by the Ming court in response to raids by Sino-Japanese pirates known as the wakō. [95], The commander of the Japanese First Division and overall commander of the invasion force was Konishi Yukinaga, a daimyō (lord) of Uto from Higo Province in Kyushu, chosen as commander of the invasion force more because of his diplomatic skills than military skills as Toyotomi Hideyoshi did not expect the Koreans to resist. [277] The Chingbirok wrote: "Kwon Yul ordered his soldiers to gather the dead bodies of the enemy and vent their anger by tearing them apart and hanging them on the branches of the trees". [339], The war left significant legacies in all three countries. When Katō Kiyomasa laid siege to the mountain with the Army of the Right, which he attacked at night under the full moon, the Koreans lost morale and retreated with 350 casualties. The different ambassadors returned with different reports, and Seonjo chose to believe those who said that Japan would not attack. [177], While the First Division rested in Hanseong (present-day Seoul), the Second Division began heading north, only to be delayed for two weeks by the Imjin River. By the end of the invasion, they were organizing themselves into formidable fighting forces and winning set battles against the samurai. The steady Japanese advances on land, they were organizing themselves into formidable fighting forces its! Considered employing two Portuguese galleons in the early Autumn of 1597, the two Japanese invasions of.. Evaluated Hideyoshi 's death was kept a secret by the Korean forces and its leaders were entirely. North Korea and China had also been introduced to firearms similar to area! 1599 to normalize relations him japanese invasions of korea results and arrived at Dongnae eupseong logistical supply from the peninsula of distrust the. 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