Although foreign regimes were first in support of the Free Syrian Army, they eventually ended up supporting sectarian militias with money and arms. Rather, historians have argued that the origins of sectarianism lay at the "intersection of nineteenth-century European colonialism and Ottoman modernization". Soleimani's death has not ended Iran's political, sectarian and regional ambitions. Search sectarianism and thousands of other words in English Cobuild dictionary from Reverso. { bidder: 'onemobile', params: { dcn: '8a969411017171829a5c82bb4deb000b', pos: 'cdo_leftslot_160x600' }}, { bidder: 'appnexus', params: { placementId: '19042093' }}, }] googletag.pubads().setTargeting("cdo_pc", "dictionary"); [41] Soleimani was assassinated in Iraq by an American drone in January 2020 leading to an increase of tension between the United States of America and Iran. { bidder: 'criteo', params: { networkId: 7100, publisherSubId: 'cdo_leftslot' }}, [129] The 1932 census is the only official census conducted in Lebanon: with a total population of 1,046,164 persons, Maronites made up 33.57%, Sunnis made up 18.57% and Shiites made up 15.92% (with several other denominations making up the remainder). { bidder: 'openx', params: { unit: '541042770', delDomain: 'idm-d.openx.net' }}, gdpr: { { bidder: 'onemobile', params: { dcn: '8a969411017171829a5c82bb4deb000b', pos: 'cdo_rightslot_flex' }}, bids: [{ bidder: 'rubicon', params: { accountId: '17282', siteId: '162036', zoneId: '776156', position: 'atf' }}, Croats and Slovenes have traditionally been Catholic, Serbs and Macedonians Eastern Orthodox, and Bosniaks and most Albanians Muslim. }); {code: 'ad_rightslot', pubstack: { adUnitName: 'cdo_rightslot', adUnitPath: '/2863368/rightslot' }, mediaTypes: { banner: { sizes: [[300, 250]] } }, ga('set', 'dimension2', "entry"); { bidder: 'openx', params: { unit: '539971065', delDomain: 'idm-d.openx.net' }}, sectarianism - WordReference English dictionary, questions, discussion and forums. 'cap': true [112], The Saudi government has often been viewed as an active oppressor of Shia Muslims because of the funding of the Wahabbi ideology which denounces the Shia faith. "login": { Therefore, efforts were made to undermine the Iranian revolution by labeling it as a Shi’a conspiracy to corrupt the Sunni Islamic tradition. name: "identityLink", Probably the best-known example in recent times were The Troubles. 1 Denoting or concerning a sect or sects. Shiism is used by the regime to justify its actions. [27] During the Safavid Dynasty Shiism was established as the official ideology. Common examples are denominations of a religion, ethnic identity, class, or region for citizens of a state and factions of a political movement.. { bidder: 'onemobile', params: { dcn: '8a9690ab01717182962182bb50ce0007', pos: 'cdo_btmslot_mobile_flex' }}, var mapping_btmslot_a = googletag.sizeMapping().addSize([746, 0], [[300, 250], 'fluid']).addSize([0, 0], [[300, 250], [320, 50], [300, 50], 'fluid']).build(); [25]During the Safavid Dynasty Shiism was established as the official ideology. [9] An example of this is the Middle Eastern regional response to the Iranian revolution of 1979. { bidder: 'ix', params: { siteId: '195464', size: [120, 600] }}, Principal Translations: Inglés: Español: sectarianism n noun: Refers to person, place, thing, quality, etc. [4] As Nader Hashemi asserts: The U.S. invasion of Iraq; the support of various Western governments for the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, which commits war crime upon war crime in Yemen and disseminates poisonous sectarian propaganda throughout the Sunni world; not to mention longstanding Western support for highly repressive dictators who manipulate sectarian fears and anxieties as a strategy of control and regime survival – the "ancient hatreds" narrative [between Sunnis and Shi’as] washes this all away and lays the blame for the regionʹs problems on supposedly trans-historical religious passions. { bidder: 'sovrn', params: { tagid: '705055' }}, [95] Yemen's Salafists attacked the Zaydi Mosque of Razih in Sa’dah and destroyed tombs of Zaydi imams across Yemen. { bidder: 'ix', params: { siteId: '195464', size: [160, 600] }}, The civil wars in the Balkans which followed the breakup of Yugoslavia in the 1990s have been heavily tinged with sectarianism. bidderSequence: "fixed" { bidder: 'criteo', params: { networkId: 7100, publisherSubId: 'cdo_rightslot' }}, { bidder: 'openx', params: { unit: '539971063', delDomain: 'idm-d.openx.net' }}, This was followed by a rise of anti-Shi’a sentiments across the region and a deterioration of Shi'a-Sunni relations, impelled by funds from the Gulf states. { bidder: 'criteo', params: { networkId: 7100, publisherSubId: 'cdo_leftslot' }}, window.__tcfapi('removeEventListener', 2, function(success){ The foundations of sectarianism in Lebanon date back to the mid-19th century during Ottoman rule. [33] In the early aftermath of the Iranian 1979 revolution, Khomeini started to evolve a sectarian tone in his speeches. The "variation in the institutionalization of social welfare across different sectarian communities forged and exacerbated social disparities". The Safavid rule allowed greater freedom for religious leaders. Khamenei's speeches are extremely political and sectarian. {code: 'ad_btmslot_a', pubstack: { adUnitName: 'cdo_btmslot', adUnitPath: '/2863368/btmslot' }, mediaTypes: { banner: { sizes: [[300, 250], [320, 50], [300, 50]] } }, [26] The establishment of Shiism as an official government ideology opened the doors for clergies to benefit from new cultural, political and religious rights which were denied prior to the Safavid ruling. [58] Several assassinations were carried out by the Muslim Brothers, mostly against Alawites, but also against some Sunni Muslims. Sectarian tensions in the area are at an all … By 1983, what had begun as an internal war between Lebanese factions had become a regional conflict that drew in Syria, Israel, Iran, Europe and the United States directly - with Iraq, Libya, Saudi Arabia, and the Soviet Union involved indirectly by providing financial support and weaponry to different militias. { bidder: 'openx', params: { unit: '539971081', delDomain: 'idm-d.openx.net' }}, This is because their key strategy of survival lies in manipulating sectarian identities to deflect demands for change and justice and preserve and perpetuate their power. { bidder: 'pubmatic', params: { publisherId: '158679', adSlot: 'cdo_rightslot' }}]}, [34] From a religious historic viewpoint, Karbala and Najaf which are both situated in Iraq, serve as important sites for Shia Muslims around the world. 27. { bidder: 'criteo', params: { networkId: 7100, publisherSubId: 'cdo_btmslot' }}, This is a trope of Iran and Hezbollah, so the Houthis seem to have no qualms about a perceived association with them. While sectarianism is often labelled as 'religious' and/ or 'political', the reality of a sectarian situation is usually much more complex. [59] Part of the animosity between the Alawites and the Sunni Islamists of the Muslim Brothers is due to the secularization of Syria, which the later holds the Alawites in power to be responsible for. [6] The resulting growth of tensions and the conflicting interpretations of the Ottoman reform led to the 1840s sectarian violence in Mount Lebanon and the massacres of 1860. pbjs.setConfig(pbjsCfg); { "loggedIn": false { bidder: 'ix', params: { siteId: '195466', size: [728, 90] }}, bids: [{ bidder: 'rubicon', params: { accountId: '17282', siteId: '162036', zoneId: '776140', position: 'atf' }}, "[20] In 1511, a pro-Shia revolt known as Şahkulu Rebellion was brutally suppressed by the Ottomans: 40,000 were massacred on the order of the sultan.[21]. { bidder: 'pubmatic', params: { publisherId: '158679', adSlot: 'cdo_topslot' }}]}, [52] In an attempt to protect the minority communities against the majority Sunni population, France, with the command of Henri Gouraud, created five states for the following sects: Armenians, Alawites, Druzes, Maronite Christians and Sunni Muslims. expires: 365 [106][110] Subsequently, a complex and violent power struggle broke out between three national alliances: (1) Ali Abdullah Saleh, his political party General People's Congress, and the Houthis; (2) Ali Mohsen al-Ahmar, supported by the political party Al-Islah; (3) Abdrabbuh Mansur Hadi, supported by the Joint Meeting Parties. His focus on Shiism and Shia Islam grew which was also implemented within the changing policies of the country. bids: [{ bidder: 'rubicon', params: { accountId: '17282', siteId: '162036', zoneId: '1666926', position: 'btf' }}, [7] Additionally, with the standardization, codification and bureaucratization of Shia Islam, a Shi’i collective identity began to form and the Shi’i community started to "practice" sectarianism. Catholic-Protestant sectarianism has also been a factor in U.S. presidential campaigns. {code: 'ad_btmslot_a', pubstack: { adUnitName: 'cdo_btmslot', adUnitPath: '/2863368/btmslot' }, mediaTypes: { banner: { sizes: [[300, 250]] } }, { bidder: 'triplelift', params: { inventoryCode: 'Cambridge_Billboard' }}, [2] Western powers indirectly take part in the process of sectarianization by supporting undemocratic regimes in the Middle East. { bidder: 'appnexus', params: { placementId: '11653860' }}, { bidder: 'appnexus', params: { placementId: '11654157' }}, { bidder: 'ix', params: { siteId: '195465', size: [300, 250] }}, Although sectarianism has been described as one of the characteristic features of the Syrian civil war, the narrative of sectarianism already had its origins in Syria's past. This resulted in "a system of local administration and politics explicitly defined on a narrow communal basis". ga('require', 'displayfeatures'); [90][88][89][91][92] Saudi Arabia emphasized an alleged military support of Iran for the Houthis during Operation Scorched Earth. See more. googletag.pubads().setCategoryExclusion('lcp').setCategoryExclusion('resp').setCategoryExclusion('wprod'); {code: 'ad_topslot_a', pubstack: { adUnitName: 'cdo_topslot', adUnitPath: '/2863368/topslot' }, mediaTypes: { banner: { sizes: [[300, 250]] } }, It is written as Sampradāyvād in Roman Hindi. } { bidder: 'pubmatic', params: { publisherId: '158679', adSlot: 'cdo_topslot' }}]}, { bidder: 'triplelift', params: { inventoryCode: 'Cambridge_SR' }}, At other times, sectarianism may be the expression of a group's nationalistic or cultural ambitions, or exploited by demagogues. Ibrahim Pasha of Egypt ruled Syria between 1831 and 1840. { bidder: 'ix', params: { siteId: '195467', size: [320, 50] }}, { bidder: 'onemobile', params: { dcn: '8a9690ab01717182962182bb50ce0007', pos: 'cdo_topslot_mobile_flex' }}, The ideological … userSync: { { bidder: 'openx', params: { unit: '539971065', delDomain: 'idm-d.openx.net' }}, Bahout argues that the Syrian turmoil is intensifying Sunni-Shia tensions on two levels: “symbolic and identity-based on the one hand, and geopolitical or interest based, on the other hand." [77][75] After the agreement, sectarian strife still did not surface between religious communities. iasLog("exclusion label : wprod"); { bidder: 'openx', params: { unit: '541042770', delDomain: 'idm-d.openx.net' }}, 'min': 31, addPrebidAdUnits(pbAdUnits); "[136] As such, several key provisions of the National Pact were changed including: it relocated most presidential powers in favor of Parliament and the Council of Ministers and, as such, the Maronite Christian President lost most of his executive powers and only retained symbolic roles; it redistributed important public offices, including those of Parliament, Council of Ministers, general directors, and grade-one posts evenly between Muslims and Christians thereby upsetting the traditional ratio of six to five that favored Christians under the National Pact; it “recognized the chronic instability of confessionalism and called for devising a national strategy for its political demise. expires: 365 bids: [{ bidder: 'rubicon', params: { accountId: '17282', siteId: '162036', zoneId: '776160', position: 'atf' }}, To link Hezbollah and Iran, whose subjects are overwhelmingly Twelver Shias, organically with Houthis is exploited for political purposes. However, it has to be said that their sectarian nature did not only attract these flows of support, but they also adopted a more sectarian and Islamic appearance in order to attract this support. { bidder: 'appnexus', params: { placementId: '11654174' }}, In November 2013, the United States Institute of Peace published a Peace Brief in which Joseph Bahout assesses how the Syrian crisis has influenced Lebanon's sectarian and political dynamics. The hostilities that took place in 1850 in Aleppo and subsequently in 1860 in Damascus, had many causes and reflected long-standing tensions. They usually opted for a sect that adhered to a religion similar to the one in their home countries, thus not Muslims. The failure of the Rebellion of 1798, which sought to unite Protestants and Catholics for an independent Ireland, helped cause more sectarian violence in the island, most infamously the Scullabogue Barn massacre, in which Protestants were burned alive in County Wexford. 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